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In Europe on Trial, acclaimed historian István Deák explores the history of collaboration, retribution, and resistance during World War II. These three themes are examined through the experiences of people and countries under German occupation, as well as Soviet, Italian, and other military rule. Those under foreign rule faced innumerable moral and ethical dilemmas, including the question of whether to cooperate with their occupiers, try to survive the war without any political involvement, or risk their lives by becoming resisters. Many chose all three, depending on wartime conditions. Following the brutal war, the author discusses the purges of real or alleged war criminals and collaborators, through various acts of violence, deportations, and judicial proceedings at the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal as well as in thousands of local courts. Europe on Trial helps us to understand the many moral consequences both during and immediately following World War II.
Foreword by Norman M. Naimark
- Sales Rank: #223492 in Books
- Published on: 2015-01-27
- Released on: 2015-02-19
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .64" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 288 pages
Review
“István Deák takes the reader on a sweeping survey of some of the bleakest aspects of a bleak period in European history. He dispenses with comforting national myths and unexamined assumptions of national virtue. World War II was, as he writes, ‘one of the greatest tragedies that humans ever brought upon themselves’… a verdict that is amply illustrated by the many evocative, insightful, and distressing examples of human behavior that fill his book.”
—The New York Review of Books
“Deak’s latest book is the product of a long and distinguished career that has produced some of the English-speaking world’s most important scholarship concerning the history of eastern and central Europe during the 20th century.” —CHOICE
"In Europe on Trial, István Deák offers a penetrating and often distressing analysis of the complex moral and ethical dilemmas facing Europeans during World War II. In the process, he writes a much needed counter narrative to the better known, uplifting stories of courage and honorable behavior. His far more multifaceted tale exposes the indifference and overall inhumanity of Europeans during the war.” —Michigan War Studies Review
“The eminent Hungarian-American historian István Deák has delivered one of his finest works with this book that problematizes what once seemed a deceptively simple history of the Second World War. In a lucid manner and an admirably brief fashion, Deák’s work offers a comprehensive account of the ‘collaboration, accommodation, resistance, and retribution’ of all European countries . . . Altogether, this book may very well become a classic as the standard textbook regarding issues of resistance versus collaboration in Europe of the Nazi-era. . . . It is to be hoped, however, that this book reaches a far broader audience than that of college or university researchers and students, as it is a magnificent treatment of ‘civilian life’ in the Second World War.” —Hungarian Cultural Studies Journal
“Deák . . . has his readers ponder all the right questions. With no easy answers, this survey is rich with the moral conundrums that are the stuff of great classroom teaching. Indeed, the author’s probing questions put our own moral certitudes on trial.” —Slavic Review
“A rich and complex analysis of the most controversial and neglected aspects of the war. Unbiased, it destroys various national myths and presents a sad story about political and human weaknesses. . . . The greatest strength of Europe on Trial is its virtuoso elaboration of the striking paradoxes of the behavior of nation-states’ governments and populations.” —Holocaust and Genocide Studies
"This particular study is concise and does not shun unambiguous opinions. It does not avoid daring comparisons, either, talking to the reader outright, using an uncomplicated and clear language . . . Europe on Trial . . . offers a fresh look on the topics it deals with, and a broad perspective in which they are set, enabling to grasp (cor)relations and associations between phenomena that usually tend to be perceived as separate.” —Acta Poloniae Historica
“Deák [is] one of great pioneers of the study of Eastern and Central Europe . . . In this book, published in Deák’s 89th year, he brings together a persuasive account of all of the dilemmas of occupation, as experienced by exceptional people such as Stollár and by the less courageous majority. It unites experiences that are usually separated, between east and west, between the occupied states and the actively collaborating ones, between left and right. His major case is all too relevant today: Europeans were too willing to make an accommodation with Nazi power when Western democracy seemed weak. The governing myth of Europeans is that they have learned something from the Second World War; this book indicates how much remains to be learned, on that side of the Atlantic and on this one.” —Timothy Snyder, author of Black Earth
"Sparing few words, István Deák brilliantly captures the complex and contradictory world that confronted Europeans under Nazi rule. From Belgium to Bulgaria, from the first German conquests to postwar trials, the book presents a refreshingly original and deeply insightful narrative that upends traditional stories of heroism, perseverance, or betrayal. In riveting and accessible prose, Deák gives us a story that will become the standard in university courses on the war and modern European history."
—Benjamin Frommer, Northwestern University
"No historian is better suited than István Deák to survey collaboration, resistance, and retribution in relation to the Second World War. Europe on Trial excavates the complexities, ambiguities, and ironies of these occupation experiences. Deák’s insightful analysis and vibrant storytelling also follows an unerring moral compass. Here is a master scholar’s eloquent meditation on Hitler’s Europe."
—James Mace Ward, University of Rhode Island
"Professor Deák has provided an essential service to the historical profession by writing a book which provides a synthetic overview of collaboration and resistance in Nazi-Dominated Europe. His book fills an enormous gap in the textbook literature on the Third Reich by viewing the period through the lens of the various national histories of occupation and domination. He also illuminates the extent to which the Holocaust could not have been accomplished without the willing collaboration of many Europeans."
—Benjamin Lapp, Montclair State University
"A good deal of the literature, especially on collaboration and retribution, is focused on western Europe. Deak, an accomplished scholar of modern central and east European history, brings much-needed balance to this discussion."
—Robert Blobaum, West Virgina University
"This book should attract huge interest, not only among those of us who teach upper-level modern European history courses, but from the greater public as well."
—Nancy Wingfield, Northern Illinois University
"Traditionally, historians have made a sharp break in 1945, either covering the war or postwar but not both. Recently, more and more scholars are realizing that the 1939-1949 decade hangs together in many ways. It is a real strength of this book that it embraces the whole decade."
—James Felak, University of Washington
"István Deák's essays on Europe's crisis decades have long been indispensable reading for historians of modern Europe. His new book crowns a distinguished career, and offers a truly fresh perspective on one of the most fascinating and fateful periods in twentieth-century European history."
—Bruce Thompson, University of California, Santa Cruz
"This is an excellent contribution on an important subject by an experienced scholar. The truly European range of the exposition is impressive. The interpretations are interesting and the attempt at evaluative balance exemplary."
—Konrad H. Jarausch, University of North Carolina
“Coming from an experiences scholar, this insightful analysis provides a fresh perspective not only on the war; Europe on Trial helps readers understand the many moral consequences both during and immediately following World War II.” —SirReadaLot
“An engrossing probe into the decisions made by political figures and individual citizens during [World War II].” —Midwest Book Review
From the Back Cover
"Sparing few words, István Deák brilliantly captures the complex and contradictory world that confronted Europeans under Nazi rule. From Belgium to Bulgaria, from the first German conquests to postwar trials, the book presents a refreshingly original and deeply insightful narrative that upends traditional stories of heroism, perseverance, or betrayal. In riveting and accessible prose, Deák gives us a story that will become the standard in university courses on the war and modern European history." —Benjamin Frommer, Northwestern University
"No historian is better suited than István Deák to survey collaboration, resistance, and retribution in relation to the Second World War. Europe on Trial excavates the complexities, ambiguities, and ironies of these occupation experiences. Deák’s insightful analysis and vibrant storytelling also follows an unerring moral compass. Here is a master scholar’s eloquent meditation on Hitler’s Europe." —James Mace Ward, University of Rhode Island
“This is an excellent contribution on an important subject by an experienced scholar. The truly European range of the exposition is impressive; the attempt at evaluative balance is exemplary.” —Konrad H. Jarausch, University of North Carolina
In Europe on Trial, acclaimed historian István Deák explores the history of collaboration, retribution, and resistance during World War II. These three themes are examined through the experiences of people and countries under German occupation, as well as Soviet, Italian, and other military rule. Those under foreign rule faced innumerable moral and ethical dilemmas, including the question of whether to cooperate with their occupiers, try to survive the war without any political involvement, or risk their lives by becoming resisters. Many chose all three, depending on wartime conditions. Following the brutal war, the author discusses the purges of real or alleged war criminals and collaborators, through various acts of violence, deportations, and judicial proceedings at the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal as well as in thousands of local courts. Europe on Trial helps us to understand the many moral consequences both during and immediately following World War II.
Foreword by Norman M. Naimark
István Deák, a professor emeritus of history at Columbia University, is an authority on modern Central European and general World War II history. Writing often for the New York Review of Books and the New Republic, Deák has crafted review essays that cover the breadth and depth of the history of Hitler’s Europe.
About the Author
István Deák, a professor emeritus of history at Columbia University, is an authority on modern Central European and general World War II history. Writing often for the New York Review of Books and the New Republic, Deák has crafted review essays that cover the breadth and depth of the history of Hitler’s Europe.
Norman M. Naimark is the Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of East European Studies at Stanford University and Sakurako and William Fisher Director of the Stanford Global Studies Division. He is also Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman-Spogli Institute of International Studies.
Most helpful customer reviews
19 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
A work that is at once erudite and personal
By George Deak
Disclosure: I am not related to Istvan Deak, though I share his surname (it being quite a common Hungarian and, in both of our cases, Jewish-Hungarian name). I was also a student of his long ago (in the 1970s) at Columbia University. Although I did not follow Professor Deak into the profession of history, I have followed his publications and scintillating book reviews in the New York Review of Books, The New Republic and other journals.
Istvan Deak is a master historian. He brings a lifetime of study and teaching experience to explore some problems of World War II history that he has been considering since his own traumatic coming of age in wartime Budapest. Thus, the book is at once erudite and personal. The moral judgments, one feels, are hinged on the question of what would he have done in the position of the actors under study, or, in hindsight, what could and should have been done. One is reminded of the many cases in which simple human compassion was missing, but also of odd cases in which it was displayed where least expected, as in Denmark, where all Danish Jews were allowed to escape to Sweden with the connivance of German occupiers.
The book presents three complexly interrelated modes of behavior that the war and its aftermath elicited from Europeans: collaboration and resistance during the war, and retribution as it ended. As Deak points out, these were not exhaustive or exclusive. Most people in fact, just tried to survive and accommodate themselves to the situation. Then there were the most severely targeted victims, such as the Jews and Poles, who in most cases were unable to choose collaboration or even accommodation, and chose resistance (in my opinion) perhaps too rarely. But the fate and actions of these victims is covered in many other works. The originality of this work is its exploration of the temporal trajectories and interactions, motivations, ironies, inhumanities and often moral dilemmas of the three other modes that appear in its title.
The coverage is broad but balanced. All of Nazi-occupied and Nazi-allied Europe is surveyed and one gets a sense of the different possibilities, dilemmas, and relative intensities of conflict faced in each country. Even the collaboration of neutral Spain in the war against the Soviet Union is mentioned, making this reader want to learn more.
In considering collaboration, the ambiguities are many. Was a Dane or a Czech who worked in an industry that served the German war effort a collaborator? As Deak points out, people often had more choices than they allowed themselves to make. Or could Marshal Petain, head of government of Vichy France, legitimately claim, as he did at his trial, that he shielded France from a harsher German occupation? Probably not! For, as we learn, Petain's France took anti-Jewish measures in anticipation of German requests. Collaborators generally had self-seeking goals of their own.
As for the resistance, were attacks on German targets always worth their costs? After Mussolini's dismissal but while there were still Germans in Rome, the Italian resisters exploded a device in a narrow street through which a column of German soldiers passed every day. Thirty three German soldiers were killed but the reprisals took the lives of 335 innocent Italians. Despite such costs, and considering our own experience in Iraq, Deak makes a good case for rejecting the judgment of military historians that the resistance was of little significance in hastening the defeat of Germany.
The part on retributions is also quite a sad tale, in that it points out how often the guilty got off, partly in deference to the perceived needs of the Cold War, and how often the innocent were punished, mostly in the form of massive ethnic cleansing that took place in much of Eastern Europe.
Deak's keen eye for the bizarre and the ironic is also evident throughout this work. For example, in May, 1945, a German unit that was captured by the British after the general surrender borrowed British rifles so that they could carry out death sentences on German soldiers who had been earlier condemned for desertion.
Sad as most of the stories are, the wealth of anecdotes and their master retelling will fascinate most history buffs. The Epilogue even leaves one hopeful.
15 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Sobering
By Peter Gacs
Books about recent history will always provoke controversy. This one
especially, digging into a lot of wounds as it is concerned mainly
with the *moral* aspects of World War II in Europe. While the
synthesis of a lot of research, followed over decades, it is written
in a highly readable style, for the general reader as well as for
history students. Some of the anecdotes accenting it (always in order
to make a point) come from the author's own wartime experience.
The greatest virtue of the work is the right proportions of the big
picture, even while emphasizing the complexities. The commitment to
accuracy in not just the details is everywhere palpable: the most
important points are brought to our attention repeatedly.
The choices offered by the war were vastly different for different
nations in Europe. In the west, genuine incentives were offered for
cooperation, which were by and large made use of. Resistance was
minor (with some heroic exceptions), and became stronger only as
Germany was seen to be losing. East-central and southern Europe is
very complex: for a number of nations and groups here the war was a
way to achieve their own goals and to settle scores. Eastern
Europeans (Poland, Belorussia, Ukraine, Russia) were marked for
slavery or extermination: most of the resisters had no other option.
Jews were offered no choice, and were betrayed by their neighbors
almost everywhere -- again, with some important exceptions.
After the war, the complex dynamics of nationalistic drives,
score-settling and necessary compromises made it generally impossible
to do genuine justice to the victims and to punish the perpetrators --
though retribution was more comprehensive in the East. How the
enormous upheavals caused by this war did not become the seeds of a
next one, is another arresting topic (see Judt's Postwar).
It is hard to put down this book without being deeply upset and
disheartened about the moral possibilities and propensities of
mankind. (Case in point: German soldiers, even in the SS, were never
punished for refusing to take part in atrocities -- but astonishingly
few of them did refuse.) To me, Deák's own example offers the only
kind of consolation: demonstrating that by undeterred and passionate
scholarship the truth can be found -- moreover, by judicious
organization and brilliant exposition can be made broadly accessible.
És vigasztald meg, ha vigasz
A gyermeknek, hogy így igaz.
[And console him, if this can be any consolation
to the child, that it is true this way.]
(József Attila, 1936)
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent treatment of the European resistance movements in WWII
By Susan Springer
As a young boy in Hungary during the Second World War I experienced frightening bombing raids and the almost unparalleled horrors of the siege of Budapest. I saw German and Soviet forces clashing in the streets and inside our apartment building; I heard the deadly firefight between members of a Hungarian resistance group and the authorities, an event which took place a mere 100 yards from our home and is highlighted by Deak. When the hostilities ceased, I joined the crowd in front of the courthouse and the jail where the major Hungarian war criminals were tried and executed, waiting for any tidbit of news. However, as Deak describes, not all war criminals were tried by the authorities, some dealt with what then was called the "revolutionary way". I saw the victim of such summary justice hanging from a lamppost in the center of Budapest, a gruesome sight that is also noted by Deak.
Like most of my contemporaries, I was greatly affected by these experiences and was eager to learn more of the "big picture" behind the isolated pictures I saw only through my youthful eyes. Being behind the Iron Curtain, I had no access to Western publications until I reached the West in 1956. To my surprise, books about resistance dealt mostly with particular activities, generally emphasizing successes. Deak's book fills the void, providing excellent descriptions of specific operations of different resistance groups opposing the Germans and their allies and often each other. Undoubtedly, some of these will be familiar to readers. What makes Deak's book unique is his thoughtful analysis of the members, the goals and politics of the different groups, and their successes measured against the destruction and miseries they wrought in the short term and their long lasting effects shaping Europe after the war. Deak also examines the fates of collaborators and their uneven, and in some cases grossly unfair, treatment by the victors.
I enjoyed Deak's superbly written book as it answered my questions and curiosity on the subject. I can most highly recommend it to all who are interested in the Second World War and wish to learn about the European resistance movements.
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