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Geologic History of Florida: Major Events that Formed the Sunshine State, by Albert C. Hine
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“Hine has provided a brief and readable account of the long, complex history of the geologic development that lies beneath the gentle, low topography of Florida. He shows how many subtle features in the Florida landscape were shaped during this history.”—Paul Enos, University of Kansas
“Seven hundred million years of time go whizzing by in this beautifully illustrated account of Florida’s geologic history. The story centers on the long and intimate relationship between Florida and her enveloping seas, beginning with wandering continents, continuing through the ‘carbonate factory’ in the sea that produced much of the volume of the Florida Peninsula, and ending with the story of sand grains on Florida beaches hundreds of miles from their points of origin. For those curious about their natural surroundings, Albert Hine’s book will surely open a new window and a new appreciation for the complexity and beauty of nature in Florida.”—Orrin Pilkey, coauthor of Global Climate Change: A Primer
The saga of Florida’s geological development started approximately 700 million years ago. It began as the state’s basement rocks migrated nearly 12,600 kilometers from their position within a supercontinent at the Earth’s South Pole to their present location north of the equator, participating in the assembly and disassembly of one of Earth’s greatest supercontinents, Pangea.
In this complete geologic history of the Sunshine State, Albert Hine takes the reader on a journey that begins with the breaking apart of Pangea and ends with the emergence of south Florida and the Keys; explaining the shape and form of the state as we know it today. Geologic History of Florida chronicles the creation of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the western Atlantic Ocean, and other major events in Florida’s geologic past. It looks back 160 million years, to a time when the ancient igneous and metamorphic basement rocks were covered by a large sedimentary carbonate platform nearly 3 miles thick, known as the Florida Platform. Today, Florida still rests upon this larger geologic feature, fifty percent of which is submerged. Consequently, the geologic story of the state includes what lies beneath the seafloor as much as it involves the land surface.
Writing in a clear and accessible manner, Hine discusses the geologic changes of the Florida Platform, from dissolution tectonics, which formed great underwater caverns and sinkholes, to the plate collision with Cuba. Hine explains geological phenomenon like the influx of quartz-rich sand from the southern Appalachian Mountains that made Florida’s white-sand beaches a destination for tourists from around the world. He examines the state’s phosphate-rich deposits, which account for thirty percent of the world’s phosphate production, and other hot-button issues such as oil drilling and climate change.
With a glossary of essential terms at the end of each chapter, Geologic History of Florida will be an invaluable resource for geologists, students of Earth history, and anyone interested in how the Sunshine State physically came to be.
- Sales Rank: #448074 in Books
- Brand: Brand: University Press of Florida
- Published on: 2013-06-18
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 11.29" h x .84" w x 8.71" l, 2.71 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 256 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
“By presenting the geologic history of Florida from an Earth systems perspective and using conversational and descriptive text, this book succeeds in providing a broad overview for educators and inquisitive non-scientists.”—Florida Geographer
“If geology intrigues you, this book is probably well worth your time.”—Lakeland Ledger
“An excellent summary of [Florida’s] geologic history which is comprehensive and at the same time, readable.”—Geological Quarterly
About the Author
Albert C. Hine, professor in the College of Marine Science at the University of South Florida, has participated as co-chief scientist on over seventy-five research cruises at numerous sites around the world, including two legs on the DSRV JOIDES Resolution scientific, ocean drilling vessel. He is a winner of the prestigious national Francis P. Shepard Medal for outstanding research contributions to marine geology.
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Dissecting the anatomy of Florida
By Karen P. Rhodes
Disclaimer: In the spring of 2013, as a graduate student in Florida Studies at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg, I took the course in Geological History of Florida taught by Dr. Albert C. Hine. Dr. Hine is an engaging teacher, whose reach extends far beyond just the bare geological facts of Florida to embrace our participation in its life -- he is an exemplar of an excellent Florida Studies professor, as well as a boots-on-the-ground scientist. He is also thoroughly "Floridated," as I call it, being originally from Massachusetts -- he shows up to class in sandals, shorts, and a Florida-print casual shirt. That's how we roll in Florida.
This book, in manuscript, was the main text for the class. The finished product is impressive. The abundant and lavish illustrations blend with and illuminate the text well, as did the slides in Dr. Hine's lectures in class. On the first front pages are three handy references: a geologic time scale, a graph of sea level through time, and a geologic map of Florida. Throughout the book, other useful references appear, such as a conversion table of English to metric measurement. At the end of each chapter are lists of "Essential Points to Know," "Essential Terms to Know," "Keywords" [sic], and "Essential References to Know." Paying attention to these lists will enhance understanding of the text.
Chapter One begins with the essential Florida Studies question: What is Florida? Dr. Hine, in this chapter, answers the question geologically. You'll be surprised at the actual geologic scope of Florida. In Chapter Two, he moves on to the beginning of the story of Florida's geologic history, 700 million years ago! As a result of his lecture and his illustrations, as reproduced in this chapter, I understand Pangea and Gondwanaland much more than I ever did before. By the end of the book, the reader has a much greater understanding and appreciation for Florida.
I highly recommend this book not only for students of Florida Studies, and Floridians generally, but for anyone interested in any aspect of the Earth sciences.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Review of Professor Hine's Geologic History of Florida
By John P. Dwyer
Geologic History of Florida: Major Events that Formed the Sunshine State
By Albert C. Hine
University Press of Florida (2013).
Thou still unravished bride of quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both,
In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?--Keats
Professor Hine has created a book that has illumined for me what I have been looking at with an uncomprehending gaze for 41 years while living in a Naples house I built upon a piece of carbonate platform created in the Pliocene era a mere 5.3 to 1.8 million years ago upon basement rock that rifted from Gondwana 700 Ma and was sutured onto North America’s Laurasia after having travelled from the South Pole. The text makes fast work of understanding geologic time and tectonics. In fact, it becomes a wholly exciting part of the story.
Much more importantly for Collier Countians and my current interest, Professor Hine’s discussion of the similarities and difference of such places as Midland and Odessa Texas, places I now feel obligated to make the required pilgrimage to view the Guadalupe Mountains, make clear why the Texas geology has produced very successful hydrocarbon exploration. The differences explain why the same kind of rocks here in Florida are not oil producers. “Except for traces in the relatively small Sunniland field”—no oil and no gas throughout peninsular Florida. “One of the reasons little oil/gas has ever been found here” is that our “carbonates are filled with holes, many of which lead to the surface” (109). Additionally, “an enormous plumbing system that has been formed within the thick carbonate rocks (up to 5 km thick in south peninsular Florida) resting on top of Florida’s basement rocks. . . that resemble poorly made Swiss cheese. The rocks contain millions of cavities, holes of many shapes, vertical pipes, enlarged fractures and joints, vugs, and caves, many interconnected” (ibid.).
His discussion of the active geology of Florida’s dissolution-caused caves being carved in the carbonate rock makes the phenomenon of sinkholes a kind of slow-motion poetry of underground tectonic geology making the surface change before our eyes in fast time. He writes, “Sinkhole collapse again became public during the very cold Florida winter of 2010 when farmers pumped water furiously from wells to protect their crops from freezing through extensive spraying. This sudden lowering of the surface aquifer promoted a new round of sinkhole formation” (110). His reverential description of the Floridan Aquifer as river flowing beneath us in “multiple rock formations defined by being approximately 10 times more permeable than the rocks below and above” extending beneath nearly all of Florida. Without it, he writes, “life in part of the SE United States and certainly Florida would be unsustainable” (114). He discusses the “cavernous” Boulder Zone as developing from 600 m down to 1,000 m in fractured dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2, transformed from CaCO3 by the addition of magnesium. The “boulders are produced by chunks of extremely porous dolomite falling to the bottom of the drill hole where they are rolled around by the drill bit, making it difficult to continue to drill” (114).
This zone consists of caverns developed at several levels connected by vertical “pipes” or solution tubes similar to a modern cave system. “A 30 m diameter cavern reported in the subsurface in southern Florida,” he writes, “probably is one of these vertical solution tubes” (ibid.). Important to consider is what dissolves Carbonate rocks, acidic water moving through the rocks. Acidity can come from simple rainwater, average pH in Florida is 4.77. It becomes even more acidic by dissolving pollutants in the air to produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) as well as carbonic acid [not to mention the petroleum industry’s acidizing formulae]. Doctor Hines embellishes all of this with photographs of such things as the Winter Park sinkhole, the Carlsbad Cavern chambers, and panoramic views of the Gaudalupe Mountains, the Mogotes of western Cuba, and the rocks of Gibraltar along with many charts from such sources as the Geological Society of America, the NOAA National Ocean Survey map, and various CADs and cartoons depicting graphic explanations for the text.
Also contributing to the dissolving of carbonate rocks is the Mixing Zone of brackish marine water and fresh groundwater. The waters’ movement is a lateral response to sea level fluctuations. The Earth’s crust is itself “constantly in motion, both vertically and horizontally” due to the heat engine of the Earth’s core. “It is rare,” he writes, “if not unheard of, for rocks in the upper crust, including the sedimentary rock cover, not to have been fractured. . . so we can expect fractures and minor faulting to be nearly ubiquitous in brittle rocks. . . . the carbonate rock cover in Florida has been thoroughly broken through time, and these fracture traces can be seen where the rocks are exposed on the surface and can be mapped from the air” (123). It is through these that the vertical movement accelerates beyond percolation.
Two very important movements of our underground rivers are transmissivity and Kohout convection. “Dissolution of carbonate rocks is greatest where groundwater circulation is most vigorous, eventually creating caves, solution channels, and large diameter pipes or channels that allow tremendous volumes of water to pass quickly through the aquifer with little resistance. . . .The groundwater enlarges preexisting openings ranging from pore spaces between limestone particles to fractures in the rock. The enlarged spaces eventually form a network of caves, pipes, and other types of conduits, all of which collect and channel even larger volumes of groundwater” (124). Francis Kohout “postulated that heat flow emanating from deeper in the Earth draws seawater into the margins of the Florida Platform, which is mixed with freshwater entering from above. This creates a circulation whereby the two water masses mix, stimulating dissolution at depth” (125). This zone is much different from the one that exists along coastal areas. The Kohout convection presents mixing at a much greater depth and on a larger scale.
This book is an altogether delightful read, a powerful poetry touching all the essential elements involved in the severe stress of the modern Florida¬-—currently sustaining nearly 19 million people—water quality and quantity problems, waste disposal, accidental spills of toxic substances, hurricane, other weather extremes such as floods and droughts, beach erosion, phosphate and limestone rock mining, coral reef degradation, offshore oil drilling (BP disaster of 2010), live hard-bottom excavation, channel dredging, coastal wetlands and marine vegetation impacts, and harmful algal blooms are all subjects that contain an important geologic environmental component. Professor Hine asserts that, “one of the great lessons of earth science is that any specific location is always linked to a much larger framework” (5). This view echoes that of Martin Luther King, “We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly” or echoes that of Charles Darwin’s tangled bank, “It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.”
I think this book should become required Advanced Placement reading in public high schools where so many snowbird children alight. What to see when one looks out from the beach at the horizon? It’s rather exciting to think of an underwater 6,000 foot nearly vertical cliff at the bottom of which are vented the rivers that flow beneath our gardens so like paradise supporting whole colonies of unusual sealife. What to see when one looks out across the sawgrass plains along Alligator Alley? Hammocks of trees on karst islands amidst the sheet flow where flourish all sorts of subtropical flora and fauna. I think the book should be part of the core curriculum for everyone in Florida colleges and universities
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Wonderful introduction to the geology of Florida for students and laymen
By Virginia F. Smith
The Geologic History of Florida is a wonderful introduction to the geology and natural history of one of our country’s most popular destinations. Written by a geological oceanography professor at the University of South Florida, the book provides enough rigor and detail to satisfy someone with a background in the subject but is also highly accessible to the educated layman with an interest in Florida in particular and geology in general. The author, Albert Hine, discusses the origin of Florida’s beautiful quartz sands while explaining the weathering of mountains; he explains how Florida and its Caribbean neighbors arrived at their current locations through the jigsaw puzzle process of plate tectonics; he explains how the carbonate substructure and abundant vegetation leads to the ubiquitous sinkholes and how ancient sea creatures have made Florida the world leader in phosphate production. Hine also addresses topics of concern to current residents of Florida, including water, climate change and offshore oil drilling.
I was especially impressed by the structure of the book, which combines the best features of a textbook such as straightforward organization, hierarchical presentation of information, and frequent definition of terms, with a highly readable and enthusiastic writing style. The author has divided the book up into short, easily digestible topics arranged in chronological order starting about 700 million years ago and continuing up to the present (and into the future!). At the end of each chapter are a series of summary statements that reinforce central concepts and a glossary of terms from that chapter. Hine also provides an extensive reference list at the end of each chapter. The works listed include technical journal articles, textbooks, general interest books, and technical reports. When possible, he has included digital object identifiers (doi) so that the reader can locate material online.
Although Hine does not presume prior knowledge of geology, he does not shy away from the use of technical language or concepts. Instead he takes time to define terms and introduces new ideas in a simple, gradual way. As someone with scientific training, but not in the field of geology, I appreciated how the author did not oversimplify complex ideas or trivialize scientific uncertainties.
The University Press of Florida spared no expense in illustrating this attractive book. There is barely a page without one or more color photographs (some helpfully annotated), schematic diagrams, or figures from historical or modern research articles. The figures greatly enhance the factual content and express ideas that words cannot. Although technical figures can sometimes be daunting, I found it highly worth my time to read the captions and examine the figures and photographs carefully as I went along.
As a college educator in a different scientific field, I think this textbook would serve undergraduates very well because of its structure, focus and attractive layout. It is the perfect length for a one-semester course and if you live in or near Florida, it would be an excellent companion for geological field trips. Similarly, a layman traveling to Florida or the Caribbean would doubtless enjoy tracking down some of the formations and features described in this book.
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